Analysis of Covenant Theology and Christ’s Redemption in Romans 3:23-24:
A Redemptive-Historical Approach
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.69932/kardia.v4i2.72Keywords:
Covenant Theology, Redemption in Christ, Romans 3:23–24, Redemptive-HistoricalAbstract
Romans 3:23–24 briefly outlines the universality of sin and divine redemption, but its covenantal dimensions and redemptive-historical aspects have not yet been thoroughly explored. This study aims to analyze the theology of the covenant and Christ's redemption in this passage. Using a qualitative descriptive approach and a literature review, this study conducts a redemptive-historical exegesis integrated with covenant theology. The findings indicate that justification and redemption cannot be understood solely as legal transactions, but rather as the restoration of covenantal status. Christ appears as the center of the narrative, fulfilling the roles of Prophet, Priest, and King, thereby bridging the ontological chasm caused by the Fall through the intra-Trinitarian *Pactum Salutis*. The novelty of this study lies in the integration of textual exegesis with the macro-theological framework of covenant theology through a redemptive-historical lens. Thus, this approach corrects fragmentary soteriological reductionism while providing a strong dogmatic foundation for pastoral practice.
References
Adeoye, Moses Adeleke. “Exploring Jesus’ High Priestly Identity.” Journal of Comparative Study of Religions 5, no. 2 (2025): 121–40. doi:10.21111/jcsr.v5i2.13224.
Adi, Didit Yuliantono, and Daniel Pesah Purwonugroho. “Analisis Pola Triadik Trinitarian Dalam Perspektif Teologi Kovenan: Eksposisi Yohanes 14:26.” Jurnal AP-Kain STAK Diaspora 3, no. 1 (2025): 11–22.
———. “Penebusan Dalam Kristus Sebagai Puncak Teologi Kovenan: Telaah Eksegetis Dan Teologis Efesus 1: 7.” Jurnal Lentera Nusantara 4, no. 2 (2025): 166–87.
Airey, Aser, Doni Heryanto, and Oral Oko. “Partikularitas Dan Universalitas: Soteriologi Paulus Di Roma 3.” KHARISMATA: Jurnal Teologi Pantekosta 7, no. 1 (2024): 174–89. doi:10.47167/kharis.v7i1.273.
Anugerah Ayu Sendari. “Mengenal Jenis Penelitian Deskriptif Kualitatif Pada Sebuah Tulisan Ilmiah.” Ilustrasi Penelitian, 2019, 2.
Boangmanalu, Mestriyati, Warseto F Sihombing, Hanna Dewi Aritonang, Robert J T Sitio, and Reymond P Sianturi. “Kajian Teologis Tentang Konsep Keselamatan Karena Anugerah Menurut Roma 3:23-26 Dan Relevansinya Terhadap Pemahaman Jemaat GKPPD Masa Kini.” Tri Tunggal: Jurnal Pendidikan Kristen Dan Katolik 2, no. 4 (2024): 289–303. doi:10.61132/tritunggal.v2i4.725.
Daliman, Muner. “Peran Allah Tritunggal Dalam Karya Keselamatan: Sebuah Refleksi Teologis Efesus 1:3–14.” Immanuel: Jurnal Teologi Dan Pendidikan Kristen 4, no. 1 (2023): 209–21. doi:10.46305/im.v4i1.179.
Gulley, Normal R. “Debate Over Justification by Faith: Evangelicals and Catholics.” Journal of the Adventist Theological Society 20, no. 1 (2009): 15.
Gulo, Jetorius. “Implikasi Praktis Konsep Anugerah Bagi Orang Percaya Berdasarkan Surat Roma 3: 23-24.” Fidei: Jurnal Teologi Sistematika Dan Praktika 3, no. 2 (2020): 228–45.
Harefa, Otieli, Yudhy Sanjaya, Desetina Harefa, Dewi Lidya Sidabutar, and Yusak Hentrias Ferry. “Konsep Penebusan Kristus Dalam Perspektif Teologi Pentakosta.” Apostolos: Journal of Theology and Christian Education 1, no. 2 (2021): 103–14. doi:10.52960/a.v1i2.22.
Jackson, W. “The Logic of Divine Presence in Romans 3:23.” The Catholic Biblical Quarterly 80 (2019): 293–305. doi:10.1353/cbq.2018.0052.
Johnston, J William. “Which ‘All’ Sinned? Rom 3:23-24 Reconsidered.” Novum Testamentum 53, no. 2 (2011): 153–64. doi:10.1163/156853610X492983.
Mangngi, Priska Natalia Kana, and Juliana Sianturi. “Pemahaman Kasih Karunia Berdasarkan Roma 3: 23-24 Dalam Integritas Akademik Mahasiswa.” DIDAKTIKOS: Jurnal Pendidikan Agama Kristen 6, no. 1 (2023): 1–7.
Melanchthon, Monica. “The Grace of God and the Equality of Human Persons.” Dialog-a Journal of Theology 42, no. 1 (2003): 8–19. doi:10.1111/1540-6385.00134.
Misztal, Wojciech. “The Old Order Of Captivity Of Sin And Death: A Man Before Coming Of Christ.” Studia Theologica Varsaviensia, 2019, 97–114.
Moloeng, Lexy J. Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya, 2017.
Namgung, Young. “A Semantic Analysis of Δικ- Nouns in Romans: The Differentiated Usage of Δικαιοσύνη, Δικαίωμα, and Δικαίωσις and the Multilayered Structure of Pauline Justification” 1, no. 2 (2025): 7–37. doi:10.64482/jbcll.2025.1.2.1.
Purba, Jhon Leonardo Presley, Hizkia Febrian Prastowo, and Robinson Rimun. “Kajian Hermeneutis Ungkapan ‘Sungguh Amat Baik’ Dalam Kejadian 1:31 Ditinjau Dari Perspektif Redemptive-Historical Approach.” CHARISTHEO: Jurnal Teologi Dan Pendidikan Agama Kristen 1, no. 2 (2022): 122--133. doi:10.54592/jct.v1i2.14.
Purwonugroho, Daniel Pesah. “Studi Teologis Dogmatika Tritunggal Dalam Perspektif Teologi Kovenan Bagi Kehidupan Jemaat.” Antrophos: Jurnal Ilmiah Teologi Dan Pendidikan Agama Kristen 1, no. 1 (2024): 43–54.
Purwonugroho, Daniel Pesah, and Reinhart Helbert Albrow Latunussa. “Implikasi Teologi Kovenan Terhadap Keutamaan Yesus Dalam Kehidupan Jemaat: Perspektif Ibrani 7: 22.” Jurnal Teologi Gracia Deo 7, no. 1 (2024): 71–84.
Purwonugroho, Daniel Pesah, and Yohanes Telaumbanua. “Analisis Teologis:" Total Depravity" Dalam Konteks Teologi Kovenan Dan Refleksinya Terhadap Kehidupan Manusia.” KHAMISYIM: Jurnal Teologi Dan Pendidikan Kristiani 1, no. 2 (2024): 52–66.
Purwonugroho, Daniel Pesah, and Sonny Eli Zaluchu. “Janji Pemulihan Israel Dalam Kitab Zefanya: Refleksi Teologi Kovenan.” Jurnal Teologi Berita Hidup 2, no. 1 (2019): 20–27. doi:10.38189/jtbh.v2i1.21.
Purwougroho, Daniel Pesah. “Memahami Substitusi Penal Dalam Roma 8: 1 Melalui Perspektif Teologi Kovenan.” EULOGIA: Jurnal Teologi Dan Pendidikan Kristiani 5, no. 1 (2025): 336–52.
Simuț, Corneliu C. “J. I. Packer’s Theology of Justification—His Reception and Appropriation of a Classic Protestant Doctrine.” Religions 14, no. 12 (2023). doi:10.3390/rel14121442.
Sitohang, Nino Sampe Tindih, Johanes G B Panjaitan, Kevin Boris A Marbun, Adi Suhenra Sigiro, Nino Sampe Tindih Sitohang, Johanes G B Panjaitan, Kevin Boris A Marbun, and Adi Suhenra Sigiro. “Konsep Teologi Perjanjian.” Jurnal Silih Asuh. 2, no. 2 (2025): 15–22. doi:10.54765/silihasuh.v2i2.87.
Supriadi, Made Nopen. “Pendekatan Sejarah Penebusan Dalam Penafsiran Alkitab.” PASCA: Jurnal Teologi Dan Pendidikan Agama Kristen 17, no. 1 (2021): 18–29. doi:10.46494/psc.v17i1.136.
Tamez, Elsa. “Justicia de Dios, Injusticia, Pecado y Gracia (Rom 2:1-5:21).” Revista de Interpretação Bíblica Latino-Americana 87, no. 2 (2022): 61–79. doi:10.15603/1676-3394/ribla.v87n2p61-79.
Vanhoozer, Kevin J. “Redemption Accomplished: Atonement.” In The Oxford Handbook of Reformed Theology, 473–96, 2020. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198723912.013.31.
Velde, Dolf te. “De Peccato Originali,” 350–83. Brill, 2015. doi:10.1163/9789004282469_018.
Weinandy, T G. “The Supremacy of Christ in the Letter to the Hebrews.” Aquinas on Scripture: An Introduction to His Biblical Commentaries, Ed. Daniel A. Keating and John Yocum.(London T&T Clark/Continuum, 2005), n.d., 223–44.
Westfall, David M. “The Mercy Seat of the Risen Christ: Atonement and the Glory of God in Romans 3.21–26.” Journal for the Study of the New Testament 48 (2025): 173–96. doi:10.1177/0142064x241309937.
Williamson, P. “The Pactum Salutis: A Scriptural Concept or Scholastic Mythology?” Tyndale Bulletin 69, no. 2 (2018): 259--281. doi:10.53751/001c.27693.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Daniel Pesah Purwonugroho
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
